從屬子句英文​(Dependent Clause)指南:定義、種類、用法與練習

什麼是從屬子句?為什麼掌握從屬子句是英文寫作進階的關鍵?從屬子句(Dependent Clause)是一種包含主詞與動詞,但無法單獨表達完整意思的子句結構,必須依附在獨立子句上才能形成有意義的完整句子。這個看似簡單的文法概念,卻是區分基礎英文使用者與高階寫作者的分水嶺。

許多英文學習者在寫作時常侷限於簡單句型,無法精確表達複雜的因果、時間、條件等邏輯關係。事實上,從屬子句不僅能讓您的英文表達更加豐富專業,更是TOEIC、IELTS等國際英語測驗中高分作文的必備技能。無論是商務信件、學術論文或日常溝通,靈活運用名詞子句、形容詞子句與副詞子句,都能大幅提升語言的精確度與層次感。

本文由PREPEDU專業團隊精心整理,將系統性地為您解析從屬子句的定義、三大類別、實際用法、標點符號規則,並提供豐富的台灣在地情境範例與實戰練習題,協助您徹底掌握這個重要的英文文法結構,邁向高階英語能力。

從屬子句英文​(Dependent Clause)
從屬子句英文​(Dependent Clause)

I. 什麼是從屬子句英文​?定義與核心結構

從屬子句英文​(Dependent Clause),又稱為附屬子句英文,是一種包含主詞動詞但無法獨立表達完整意思的子句結構。這類子句必須依附在獨立子句(Independent Clause)上才能構成有意義的完整句子,就像建築物中的支撐樑柱,雖然結構完整卻無法單獨存在。

從屬子句的核心特徵在於它必須由從屬連接詞(Subordinating Conjunction)或關係詞(Relative Pronoun)引導,這些引導詞明確標示出該子句的依附性質。

基本公式:

從屬連接詞/關係詞 + 主詞 + 動詞(+ 其他成分)

結構組成:

  • 從屬連接詞/關係詞:because、although、when、if、who、which、that 等

  • 主詞:名詞、代名詞或名詞片語

  • 動詞:動作動詞或連綴動詞

  • 其他成分:受詞補語、修飾語(視需要而定)

範例:

完整句子

從屬子句

引導詞

主詞

動詞

Because it was raining, we stayed home.(因為正在下雨,我們待在家裡。)

Because it was raining

because

it

was raining

When Xiaofang studied at the Hong Kong University library, she always ordered milk tea from the nearby café.(當小芳在香港大學圖書館讀書時,她總是向附近的咖啡廳訂購奶茶。)

When Xiaofang studied at the Hong Kong University library

when

Xiaofang

studied

Xiaoming couldn't arrive at his Taipei office on time because the MRT broke down during rush hour.(小明無法準時抵達他位於台北的辦公室,因為捷運在尖峰時段故障了。)

because the MRT broke down during rush hour

because

the MRT

broke down

特殊注意事項

  • 不可單獨存在:從屬子句如果單獨出現會形成句子碎片(Fragment)錯誤

  • 必須結合獨立子句:才能表達完整意思

  • 引導詞不可省略(大部分情況):移除引導詞會改變句子性質

什麼是從屬子句英文​?
什麼是從屬子句英文​?

II. 獨立子句從屬子句的差異

比較項目

獨立子句(Independent Clause)

從屬子句(Dependent Clause)

結構完整性

包含主詞和動詞,表達完整意思

包含主詞和動詞,但意思不完整

獨立存在

可單獨成為完整句子

無法單獨存在,需依附獨立子句

引導詞需求

不需要從屬連接詞引導

必須由從屬連接詞或關係詞引導

句中功能

作為句子的主幹

擔任名詞、形容詞或副詞角色

標點使用

可用句號結束

不能單獨用句號結束

範例

The students passed the exam.(學生們通過了考試。)→ 可單獨成立

  • Although the students passed the exam(雖然學生們通過了考試)→ 意思不完整,需要繼續

  • 完整句子: Although the students passed the exam, they need more practice.(雖然學生們通過了考試,他們仍需要更多練習。)

從屬子句英文寫作的關鍵在於理解其依附性質。當您在書寫時遇到由 when、if、because、although 等詞引導的子句,務必確認該子句已與獨立子句正確結合,避免產生句子碎片(Fragment)的錯誤。這種結構認知能大幅提升您的英文寫作準確度,讓句子邏輯更加清晰連貫。

III. 從屬子句的三大類別與用法詳解

從屬子句用法根據其在句中擔任的文法功能,可劃分為三大核心類別:名詞子句、形容詞子句與副詞子句。每種類別都有其特定的引導詞與使用情境。

1. 名詞子句(Noun Clauses)

名詞子句在句中扮演名詞的角色,可以擔任主詞、受詞、補語或同位語。這類從屬子句通常由 that、whether、if 或疑問詞(who、what、where、when、why、how)引導。

結構公式

引導詞 + 主詞 + 動詞

常見引導詞:

  • that:表達事實或想法

  • whether/if:表達選擇或不確定性

  • 疑問詞(what、who、where、when、why、how):表達疑問或未知資訊

範例:

功能

範例句子

名詞子句

功能說明

作為主詞

What she said surprised everyone.(她說的話讓所有人感到驚訝。)

What she said

整個子句作為句子主詞

That he passed the TOEIC exam proves his dedication.(他通過多益考試證明了他的投入。)

That he passed the TOEIC exam

整個子句作為句子主詞

作為動詞受詞

I believe that practice makes perfect.(我相信熟能生巧。)

that practice makes perfect

作為動詞 believe 的受詞

She doesn't know whether the meeting will be postponed.(她不知道會議是否會延期。)

whether the meeting will be postponed

作為動詞 know 的受詞

作為補語

The problem is that we don't have enough time.(問題是我們沒有足夠的時間。)

that we don't have enough time

補充說明主詞 problem

The question remains whether we should accept the offer.(問題仍然是我們是否應該接受這個提議。)

whether we should accept the offer

作為主詞補語

2. 形容詞子句(Adjective Clauses / Relative Clauses)

形容詞子句,也稱為關係子句,用來修飾名詞或代名詞,提供額外的描述或辨識資訊。這類從屬子句必須緊接在所修飾的先行詞(antecedent)之後。

結構公式:

先行詞 + 關係代名詞/關係副詞 + 主詞 + 動詞

引導詞分類:

類型

引導詞

用途

關係代名詞(指人)

who, whom, whose

修飾人

關係代名詞(指物)

which, that

修飾物

關係副詞(地點)

where

修飾地點

關係副詞(時間)

when

修飾時間

關係副詞(原因)

why

修飾原因

範例:

 

範例從屬子句

形容詞子句

說明

指人:who/ whom

The teacher who teaches grammar is experienced.(教文法的老師很有經驗。)

who teaches grammar

who 作主詞,修飾 teacher

The student whom you met yesterday is my classmate.(你昨天遇見的學生是我同學。)

whom you met yesterday

whom 作受詞,修飾 student

指物:which/ that

The book which I borrowed is very helpful.(我借的那本書很有幫助。)

which I borrowed

which 作受詞,修飾 book

The method that works best varies by individual.(最有效的方法因人而異。)

that works best

that 作主詞,修飾 method

所有格:whose

The writer whose articles we read won an award.(我們讀過文章的那位作家得了獎。)

whose articles we read

whose 表示所有關係

關係副詞使用範例

關係副詞

範例從屬子句

形容詞子句

where

This is the library where I study every day.(這是我每天讀書的圖書館。)

where I study every day

when

I remember the day when we first met.(我記得我們初次見面的那一天。)

when we first met

why

That's the reason why she left early.(那就是她提早離開的原因。)

why she left early

限制性與非限制性子句

類型

特徵

標點

功能

範例

限制性子句

提供辨識所必需的資訊

不用逗號

限定先行詞

Students who study regularly perform better.(定期學習的學生表現較好。)

非限制性子句

提供補充資訊

必須用逗號

補充說明

My brother, who lives in Taipei, is a doctor.(我住在台北的哥哥是醫生。)

3. 副詞子句(Adverbial Clauses)

副詞子句在句中擔任副詞的功能,用來修飾動詞、形容詞或整個句子,表達時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步、方式或比較等各種邏輯關係。

結構公式:

從屬連接詞 + 主詞 + 動詞

副詞子句的九大類型

類型

常用連接詞

從屬子句例句

副詞子句

時間副詞子句

when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as

When you finish your homework, you can watch TV.(當你完成作業後,你可以看電視。)

When you finish your homework

I will wait here until she arrives.(我會在這裡等到她抵達。)

until she arrives

After I graduate next year, I will work abroad.(明年畢業後,我會到國外工作。)

After I graduate next year

地點副詞子句

where, wherever

You can sit wherever you like.(你可以坐在任何你喜歡的地方。)

wherever you like

Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者事竟成。)

Where there is a will

原因副詞子句

because, since, as

Because it was raining heavily, we cancelled the outdoor activity.(因為雨下得很大,我們取消了戶外活動。)

Because it was raining heavily

Since you are busy, I won't disturb you.(既然你很忙,我就不打擾你了。)

Since you are busy

結果副詞子句

so…that, such…that

The exam was so difficult that many students failed.(考試太難了,以至於許多學生不及格。)

so difficult that many students failed

It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go hiking.(天氣如此美好,我們決定去健行。)

such a beautiful day that we decided to go hiking

目的副詞子句

so that, in order that

She studies hard so that she can pass the IELTS exam.(她努力讀書以便能通過雅思考試。)

so that she can pass the IELTS exam

We arrived early in order that we could get good seats.(我們提早到達,以便能佔到好位子。)

in order that we could get good seats

條件副詞子句

if, unless, provided that, as long as

If you practice daily, you will improve quickly.(如果你每天練習,你會快速進步。)

If you practice daily

Unless you study harder, you won't pass the test.(除非你更用功,否則你不會通過測驗。)

Unless you study harder

讓步副詞子句

although, though, even though, while, whereas

Although he is young, he is very mature.(雖然他年輕,但他很成熟。)

Although he is young

Even though the task is challenging, we must complete it.(即使任務很有挑戰性,我們也必須完成。)

Even though the task is challenging

方式副詞子句

as, as if, as though

Do as I say, not as I do.(照我說的做,不要照我做的做。)

as I say

She talks as if she knows everything.(她說話的樣子好像她什麼都知道。)

as if she knows everything

比較副詞子句

than, as…as

She runs faster than I do.(她跑得比我快。)

than I do

This book is as interesting as the one I read last week.(這本書跟我上週讀的那本一樣有趣。)

as the one I read last week

時態使用規則:在時間副詞子句和條件副詞子句中,談論未來時使用現在式

  • 錯誤:If it will rain tomorrow...

  • 正確:If it rains tomorrow...(如果明天下雨...)

從屬子句的三大類別與用法詳解
從屬子句的三大類別與用法詳解

IV. 從屬子句在句中的位置與標點符號

1. 規則一:從屬子句在句首

規則: 必須在從屬子句結尾加上逗號

範例:

範例句子

標點說明

Because the weather was bad, we postponed the trip.(因為天氣不好,我們延後了旅行。)

逗號分隔從屬子句與獨立子句

When you have time, please call me.(當你有時間時,請打電話給我。)

逗號標示主要句子開始

Although he studied hard, he didn't pass the exam.(雖然他努力讀書,但他沒有通過考試。)

逗號提醒讀者主要訊息即將出現

2. 規則二:從屬子句在句尾

規則: 通常不需要逗號

範例:

  • We postponed the trip because the weather was bad.(我們延後了旅行因為天氣不好。)

  • Please call me when you have time.(請在你有時間時打電話給我。)

  • He didn't pass the exam although he studied hard.(他沒有通過考試雖然他努力讀書。)

3. 規則三:非限制性子句

規則: 永遠需要逗號,無論位置

範例:

範例句子

標點說明

My teacher, who has 20 years of experience, gives excellent advice.(我的老師擁有二十年經驗,給予很棒的建議。)

前後都需要逗號

I met John, who used to be my classmate.(我遇見了約翰,他以前是我的同學。)

即使在句尾也需要逗號

V. 如何利用從屬子句構建複雜句與複合複雜句

1. 複雜句(Complex Sentence)

複雜句由一個獨立子句和至少一個從屬子句組成,透過從屬連接詞建立邏輯關係。

結構公式:

獨立子句 + 從屬子句

從屬子句 + 獨立子句

獨立子句(部分)+ 從屬子句 + 獨立子句(部分)

範例

原始簡單句

合併後的複雜句

It was raining. We stayed home.

Because it was raining, we stayed home.(因為下雨,我們待在家裡。)

She studies English. She wants to work abroad.

She studies English so that she can work abroad.(她學英文以便能在國外工作。)

2. 複合複雜句(Compound-Complex Sentence)

複合複雜句結合了對等連接詞(and、but、or、so)和從屬連接詞,包含至少兩個獨立子句和至少一個從屬子句。

結構公式:

至少2個獨立子句 + 至少1個從屬子句

從屬子句 + 獨立子句1, and/but/so + 獨立子句2

範例:

階段

句子內容

句型說明

起點:三個簡單句

The students prepared thoroughly. The test was challenging. They all passed.

三個獨立句子

第一步:複雜句

Although the test was challenging, the students prepared thoroughly.

1個從屬子句 + 1個獨立子句

第二步:複合複雜句

Although the test was challenging, the students prepared thoroughly, so they all passed. (雖然考試具有挑戰性,學生們仍然充分準備,因此他們全部都通過了考試。)

1個從屬子句 + 2個獨立子句

如何利用從屬子句構建複雜句與複合複雜句
如何利用從屬子句構建複雜句與複合複雜句

VI. 使用從屬子句的常見錯誤與注意事項

1. 錯誤類型一:句子碎片

將從屬子句單獨使用,形成不完整的句子。從屬子句因為有從屬連接詞的引導,無法單獨表達完整意思。

錯誤範例與改正:

錯誤寫法

為何錯誤

正確寫法

✗ Because I was tired.

只有從屬子句,意思不完整

✓ Because I was tired, I went to bed early.(因為我累了,所以我很早就上床睡覺。)

✗ When she arrives at the office.

讀者不知道「然後呢?」

✓ When she arrives at the office, she checks her emails.(當她到達辦公室時,她會查看電子郵件。)

檢查清單:

  • ☑ 句子開頭有從屬連接詞嗎?

  • ☑ 是否有獨立子句與之結合?

  • ☑ 句子能表達完整意思嗎?

2. 錯誤類型二:連接詞重複使用

中文使用者容易同時使用兩個連接詞(如「因為...所以...」、「雖然...但是...」),但英文只需要一個連接詞。

常見錯誤組合

錯誤組合

原因

正確用法

✗ Because...so...

中文「因為...所以...」的影響

✓ Because... 或 ...so...

✗ Although...but...

中文「雖然...但是...」的影響

✓ Although... 或 ...but...

錯誤從屬子句範例與改正

錯誤寫法

正確寫法一

正確寫法二

✗ Because it was raining, so we stayed home.

✓ Because it was raining, we stayed home.(因為正在下雨,我們待在家裡。)

✓ It was raining, so we stayed home.(正在下雨,所以我們待在家裡。)

✗ Although he studied hard, but he failed.

✓ Although he studied hard, he failed.(雖然他努力讀書,但他還是失敗了。)

✓ He studied hard, but he failed.(他努力讀書,但仍然失敗了。)

3. 錯誤類型三:條件句時態陷阱

在條件副詞子句和時間副詞子句中,談論未來時必須使用現在式代替未來式

錯誤範例與改正:

錯誤寫法

正確寫法

✗ If it will rain tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.

✓ If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.(如果明天下雨,我們會取消野餐。)

✗ When you will finish your work, please call me.

✓ When you finish your work, please call me.(當你完成工作時,請打電話給我。)

時態使用規則表:

子句類型

從屬子句時態

獨立子句時態

範例

條件句

現在式

未來式

If it rains, we will stay home.(如果下雨,我們就會待在家裡。)

時間子句

現在式

未來式

When she arrives, I will call you.(當她到達時,我會打電話給你。)

4. 錯誤類型四:關係代名詞選擇錯誤

使用錯誤的關係代名詞,或在關係子句中重複使用代名詞。

關係代名詞選擇規則

先行詞類型

正確用法

錯誤用法

who, whom, whose

✗ which

which, that

✗ who

錯誤範例與改正

錯誤寫法

錯誤原因

正確寫法

✗ The person which helped me was very kind.

先行詞是人,不能用 which

✓ The person who helped me was very kind.(幫助我的那個人非常善良。)

✗ The book I need it is on the shelf.

不應重複使用代名詞 it

✓ The book I need is on the shelf.(我需要的那本書在書架上。)

VII. 從屬子句實戰練習題

1. 練習一:辨識子句類型

請判斷以下句子中畫底線的從屬子句屬於名詞子句、形容詞子句還是副詞子句。

  1. I don't know where she lives.

  2. The book that you recommended is excellent.

  3. When the bell rings, students leave the classroom.

  4. What he said surprised everyone.

  5. She smiled because she was happy.

  6. The house where I grew up has been sold.

  7. I believe that honesty is important.

  8. Although it was late, he continued working.

  9. The reason why he left is unclear.

  10. They will succeed if they work hard.

練習一解答

題號

從屬子句

類型

理由說明

1

where she lives

名詞子句

擔任動詞 know 的受詞

2

that you recommended

形容詞子句

修飾名詞 book

3

When the bell rings

副詞子句

時間副詞子句,修飾動詞 leave

4

What he said

名詞子句

擔任句子主詞

5

because she was happy

副詞子句

原因副詞子句,修飾動詞 smiled

6

where I grew up

形容詞子句

修飾名詞 house

7

that honesty is important

名詞子句

擔任動詞 believe 的受詞

8

Although it was late

副詞子句

讓步副詞子句,修飾動詞 continued

9

why he left

形容詞子句

修飾名詞 reason

10

if they work hard

副詞子句

條件副詞子句,修飾動詞 will succeed

2. 練習二:填入正確的從屬連接詞

從括號中選擇最適當的從屬連接詞填入空格。

題號

句子

選項

1

_______ you finish your homework, you can play video games.

(When/ Because/ Although)

2

I will lend you the book _______ you promise to return it.

(so that/ if/ unless)

3

She speaks English fluently _______ she has never been abroad.

(although/ because/ after)

4

We stayed indoors _______ it was raining heavily.

(while/ because/ unless)

5

_______ hard you try, you won't succeed without dedication.

(However/ Wherever/ Unless)

6

He studies every day _______ he can improve his English.

(so that/ even though/ whereas)

7

_______ I mentioned earlier, this topic is crucial for the exam.

(As/ That/ Which)

8

She will call you _______ she arrives at the airport.

(as soon as/ so that/ in order that)

9

_______ you need help, don't hesitate to ask.

(Wherever/ Whenever/ However)

10

The meeting will proceed _______ the director approves.

(provided that/ even though/ as if)

練習二解答

題號

正確答案

理由說明

1

When

時間關係最合理

2

if

條件關係:如果你承諾歸還

3

although

讓步關係:雖然從未出國但說得流利

4

because

原因關係:因為下大雨所以待在室內

5

However

讓步關係:無論多努力,沒有投入都不會成功

6

so that

目的關係:為了能進步英文

7

As

如同我先前提到的

8

as soon as

時間關係:一抵達就打電話

9

Whenever

時間關係:無論何時需要幫助

10

provided that

條件關係:假如主管批准

3. 練習三:句子合併練習

請將以下每組的兩個句子合併為一個包含從屬子句的完整句子,可視情況調整語序或文字。

  1. The weather is good. / We will go hiking.

  2. She was tired. / She continued working.

  3. I can't find my keys. / I looked everywhere.

  4. The restaurant is expensive. / The food is delicious.

  5. He arrived late. / The meeting had already started.

  6. You should study regularly. / You want to pass the exam.

  7. The movie was boring. / We left early.

  8. She speaks three languages. / She travels frequently.

  9. The project is challenging. / Our team is confident.

  10. I will wait here. / You come back.

參考答案(可能有多種正確答案)

  1. If the weather is good, we will go hiking. / We will go hiking if the weather is good.(如果天氣好,我們就會去健行。/如果天氣好,我們就會去健行。)

  2. Although she was tired, she continued working. / She continued working although she was tired.(雖然她很累,但她仍然繼續工作。/她雖然很累,但仍然繼續工作。)

  3. I can't find my keys although I looked everywhere. / Although I looked everywhere, I can't find my keys.(雖然我到處找了,還是找不到我的鑰匙。/雖然我到處找了,但我還是找不到我的鑰匙。)

  4. Although the restaurant is expensive, the food is delicious.(雖然這家餐廳很貴,但食物很好吃。)

  5. When he arrived, the meeting had already started. / The meeting had already started when he arrived.(當他到達時,會議已經開始了。/會議在他到達時就已經開始了。)

  6. You should study regularly if you want to pass the exam. / If you want to pass the exam, you should study regularly.(如果你想通過考試,就應該規律地讀書。/如果你想通過考試,你就應該規律地讀書。)

  7. Because the movie was boring, we left early. / We left early because the movie was boring.(因為電影很無聊,我們提早離開了。/我們因為電影很無聊而提早離開。)

  8. She speaks three languages because she travels frequently.(因為她經常旅行,所以她會說三種語言。)

  9. Although the project is challenging, our team is confident. / Our team is confident although the project is challenging.(雖然這個專案很有挑戰性,但我們的團隊很有信心。/我們的團隊很有信心,雖然這個專案很有挑戰性。)

  10. I will wait here until you come back. / Until you come back, I will wait here.(我會在這裡等你回來。/直到你回來為止,我都會在這裡等。)

結論

從屬子句是英文文法中不可或缺的重要結構,掌握其定義、種類與用法能夠顯著提升您的英文表達能力。記住,熟練運用從屬子句需要持續的練習與應用。建議您在日常閱讀與寫作中有意識地觀察和使用這些結構,逐步內化成自然的語言習慣。

面對緊迫的考試期限和龐大的準備內容感到壓力? PREP 理解這種處境,致力於在有限時間內最大化你的學習成果。

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黃秋賢
Product Content Admin

你好!我叫黃秋賢。現在在網站 prepedu.com 的部落格擔任產品內容經理。

我有超過5年的英語、韓語等外語自學經驗,並準備過 IELTS、TOEIC、TOPIK 等考試,累積了豐富的實戰知識,也曾協助數千位在語言學習上遇到困難的人。希望以上的分享能幫助大家在家中更有效率地自學!

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