Đáp án chi tiết đề Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 3 Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean

Early history of keeping clean là chủ đề bài đọc không quá khó. Trong bài viết sau, Prep sẽ cung cấp đề bài, transcript và giải thích đáp án chi tiết đề Cambridge IELTS 15, Test 3, Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean. Cùng luyện tập và tham khảo đáp án cũng như take note từ vựng hay trong bài nhé!

I. Đề bài Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 3 Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean

Early history of keeping clean

Prehistoric times:

• water was used to wash off 31 _____________________

Ancient Babylon:

• soap-like material found in 32 _____________________ cylinders

Ancient Greece:

• people cleaned themselves with sand and other substances

• used a strigil - scraper made of 33 _____________________

• washed clothes in streams

Ancient Germany and Gaul:

• used soap to colour their 34 _____________________

Ancient Rome:

• animal fat, ashes and clay mixed through action of rain, used for washing clothes

• from about 312 BC, water carried to Roman 35 _____________________ by aqueducts

Europe in Middle Ages:

• decline in bathing contributed to occurrence of 36 _____________________

• 37 _____________________ began to be added to soap

Europe from 17th century:

• 1600s: cleanliness and bathing started becoming usual

• 1791: Leblanc invented a way of making soda ash from 38 _____________________

• early 1800s: Chevreul turned soapmaking into a 39 _____________________

• from 1800s, there was no longer a 40 _____________________ on soap

Xem thêm: Đáp án chi tiết bài đọc Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 1 Reading Passage 1 Nutmeg a valuable spice

II. Đáp án đề Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 3 Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean

Đáp án bài nghe Early history of keeping clean:

31. mud

32. clay

33. metal

34. hair

35. bath(s)

36. disease(s)

37. perfume

38. salt

39. science

40. tax

III. Giải thích đáp án chi tiết

Đây là dạng bài điền từ vào chỗ trống (notes completion), yêu cầu bạn nghe và điền từ chính xác từ bài nói.

• 31. mud: Phần đầu bài nói đề cập đến người tiền sử: "at least that it rinsed mud off their hands."

• 32. clay: Khi nói về Babylon cổ đại, người nói nói: "Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay..."

• 33. metal: Khi nói về người Hy Lạp cổ đại, diễn giả đề cập: "scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument..."

• 34. hair: Khi nói về người Đức và người Gaul cổ đại, người nói cho biết: "They used this mixture to tint their hair red."

• 35. baths: Khi chuyển sang La Mã cổ đại, diễn giả nói: "The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts..."

• 36. disease(s): Ở thời Trung Cổ, sự suy giảm thói quen tắm rửa đã dẫn đến: "This lack of personal cleanliness... were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages..."

• 37. perfume: Khi nói về việc sản xuất xà phòng, người nói đề cập: "...along with perfume, apparently for the first time."

• 38. salt: Về phát minh của Leblanc, người nói nói rằng ông ấy "patented a process for turning salt into soda ash..."

• 39. science: Khi nói về Chevreul, người nói nói rằng nghiên cứu của ông ấy "established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soapmaking became a science."

• 40. tax: Cuối cùng, diễn giả đề cập: "this widespread use came... when the high tax was removed."

IV. Transcript

Nowadays, we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning, but this is very much a 20th-century development.

The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times. Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties – at least that it rinsed mud off (Q31) their hands.

During the excavation of ancient Babylon, evidence was found that soapmaking was known as early as 2800 BC. Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay (Q32), with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with askes. This is a method of making soap, though there’s no reference to the purpose of this material.

The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn’t use soap. Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil (Q33). They also used oil mixed with ashes. Clothes were washed without soap in streams.

The ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called ‘soap’, made of melted animal fat and ashes. They used this mixture to tint their hair red (Q34).

Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals were sacrificed, leaving deposits of animal fat. Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes, down into the clay soil along the River Tiber. Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.

As Roman civilisation advance, so did bathing. The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts (Q35), was built around 312 BC. The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular. And by the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleaning purposes.

After the fall of Rome in 467 AD and the resulting decline in bathing habits, much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health. This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease (Q36) in the Middle Ages, and especially the Black Death of the 14th century.

Nevertheless, soapmaking became an established craft in Europe, and associations of soapmakers guarded their trade secrets closely. Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with perfume, apparently for the first time (Q37). Gradually more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing, as well as bathing and laundering.

A major step toward large-scale commercial soapmaking occurred in 1791, when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc, patented a process for turning salt into soda ash (Q38), or sodium carbonate. Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap. The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good-quality, inexpensive soda ash.

Modern soapmaking was born some 20 years later, in the early 19th century, with the discovery by Michel Eugène Chevreul, another French chemist, of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine and fatty acids. His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soapmaking became a science (Q39). Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.

Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item, and was heavily taxed in several countries. As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed (Q40). Soap was then something ordinary people could afford, and cleanliness standards improved.

With this widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.

V. Một số từ vựng và cụm từ hay trong bài

• Prehistoric times: thời tiền sử

• Excavation: cuộc khai quật

• Inscriptions: chữ khắc

• Aesthetic reasons: vì lý do thẩm mỹ

• Pumice: đá bọt

• Anointed: bôi dầu, xức dầu

• Strigil: dụng cụ cạo (thời cổ đại)

• Tint: nhuộm màu

• Sacrificed: bị hiến tế

• Deposits: lớp lắng đọng

• Aqueducts: cống dẫn nước

• Filth: sự dơ bẩn, bẩn thỉu

• Outbreaks of disease: sự bùng phát dịch bệnh

• Soda ash: xút (Na2CO3)

• Fatty acids: axit béo

• Widespread use: việc sử dụng rộng rãi

• Heavily taxed: bị đánh thuế nặng

• Craft: nghề thủ công

Trên đây là đề bài, đáp án kèm giải thích đáp án chi tiết và transcript đề Cambridge IELTS 15, Test 3, Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean. Hy vọng tài liệu trên sẽ hữu ích cho quá trình ôn luyện IELTS của bạn.

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