Đề bài và đáp án chi tiết bài đọc Cambridge 16 Test 3 Reading Passage 1 Roman shipbuilding and navigationent

Bài đọc trong Cambridge IELTS 16 Test 3 Passage 1 có tiêu đề “Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation” (Đóng tàu và hàng hải của người La Mã), tập trung mô tả những thành tựu nổi bật của La Mã cổ đại trong lĩnh vực thiết kế và vận hành tàu thuyền. Đây là chủ đề bài đọc khá khó nhưng giúp bạn học được nhiều từ vựng hay. Theo dõi bài viết sau để cùng Prep phân tích đề bài và giải thích đáp án chi tiết nhé!

I. Đề bài Cambridge IELTS 16 Test 3 Passage 1 Roman shipbuilding and navigation

Roman shipbuilding and navigation

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly landbased people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.

There were many kinds of warships. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognisable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.

B. BÀI TẬP

Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Check answers

Choose an optionTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN1. The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians.

Choose an optionTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN2. Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks.

Choose an optionTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN3. The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame.

Choose an optionTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN4. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use.

Choose an optionTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN5. Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army

Questions 6-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

Warships and merchant ships

Check answers

Warships were designed so that they were 6.  quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7.  was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different and moved 8. .
Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9.  that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10.  sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11.  was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.
Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12.  were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13. . When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.

II. Đáp án bài đọc cam 16 test 3 reading passage 1 Roman shipbuilding and navigationent

So sánh đáp án bài đọc cam 16 test 3 reading passage 1 theo bảng sau:

III. Giải thích đáp án chi tiết

Câu 1
Đáp án: False

Câu hỏi: The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. (Kỹ năng đóng tàu của người La Mã đã được truyền lại cho người Hy Lạp và Ai Cập.)

Vị trí: Đoạn A.

Trích dẫn: The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

Phân tích: Người La Mã học kỹ thuật đóng tàu từ người Hy Lạp và Ai Cập, chứ không phải họ truyền lại. Nội dung câu hỏi ngược với thông tin trong bài, nên đáp án là False.

Câu 2
Đáp án: Not Given

Câu hỏi: Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks. (Cần có thợ lành nghề để áp dụng phương pháp ghép mộng và lỗ trong việc cố định ván.)

Vị trí: Đoạn B.

Trích dẫn: Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.

Phân tích: Bài chỉ mô tả phương pháp ghép mộng và lỗ (mortise and tenon), không đề cập đến việc có cần thợ lành nghề hay không. Do đó đáp án là Not Given.

Câu 3
Đáp án: False

Câu hỏi: The later Mediterranean shipbuilding method involved building the hull before the frame. (Phương pháp đóng tàu sau này ở Địa Trung Hải là làm thân tàu trước khung tàu.)

Vị trí: Đoạn B.

Trích dẫn: Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method… which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.

Phân tích: Bài khẳng định khung tàu được dựng trước, rồi mới đến thân tàu. Nội dung câu hỏi trái ngược hoàn toàn, nên đáp án là False.

Câu 4
Đáp án: True

Câu hỏi: The Romans called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use. (Người La Mã gọi Địa Trung Hải là Mare Nostrum vì họ kiểm soát nó.)

Vị trí: Đoạn C.

Trích dẫn: Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.

Phân tích: Người La Mã kiểm soát Địa Trung Hải và gọi nó là “biển của chúng ta”. Điều này trùng khớp với nội dung câu hỏi, nên đáp án là True.

Câu 5
Đáp án: True

Câu hỏi: Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. (Phần lớn người chèo thuyền là lính La Mã.)

Vị trí: Đoạn D.

Trích dẫn: Rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.

Phân tích: Người chèo thuyền chủ yếu là công dân La Mã được ghi danh trong quân đội → khớp với câu hỏi. Đáp án là True.

Câu 6
Đáp án: lightweight

Câu hỏi: Warships had to be ______ so they could move quickly. (Tàu chiến phải ______ để di chuyển nhanh.)

Vị trí: Đoạn C.

Trích dẫn: Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.

Phân tích: Tính từ lightweight (nhẹ) mô tả đặc điểm chính giúp tàu chiến nhanh nhẹn.

Câu 7
Đáp án: bronze

Câu hỏi: The battering ram was made of ______. (Thanh đập được làm bằng ______.)

Vị trí: Đoạn C.

Trích dẫn: They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.

Phân tích: Thanh đập (battering ram) được làm bằng đồng (bronze).

Câu 8
Đáp án: levels

Câu hỏi: The trireme had rowers on three different ______. (Tàu trireme có người chèo ở ba ______ khác nhau.)

Vị trí: Đoạn D.

Trích dẫn: It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels.

Phân tích: Người chèo thuyền được bố trí ở ba tầng (levels).

Câu 9
Đáp án: hull

Câu hỏi: The V-shaped ______ of merchant ships lay far below the surface of the sea. (Phần hình chữ V ______ của tàu buôn nằm sâu dưới mặt nước.)

Vị trí: Đoạn E.

Trích dẫn: Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater.

Phân tích: Đặc điểm nổi bật của tàu buôn là thân tàu (hull) nằm sâu dưới mặt nước.

Câu 10
Đáp án: triangular

Câu hỏi: A sail at the front was sometimes added, which had a ______ shape. (Một cánh buồm ở mũi tàu đôi khi được thêm vào, có hình ______.)

Vị trí: Đoạn E.

Trích dẫn: A small triangular sail at the bow.

Phân tích: Buồm nhỏ ở mũi tàu có hình tam giác (triangular).

Câu 11
Đáp án: music

Câu hỏi: On both warships and merchant ships, ______ was sometimes played to help coordinate the rowers. (Trên cả tàu chiến và tàu buôn, ______ được chơi để phối hợp người chèo.)

Vị trí: Đoạn E.

Trích dẫn: Music would be played on an instrument, and the rowers would keep time with it.

Phân tích: Âm nhạc (music) được dùng để giữ nhịp chèo.

Câu 12
Đáp án: grain

Câu hỏi: Roman merchant ships often carried agricultural goods such as ______. (Tàu buôn thường chở hàng nông sản như ______.)

Vị trí: Đoạn F.

Trích dẫn: Agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley).

Phân tích: Ngũ cốc (grain) là ví dụ hàng hóa nông sản phổ biến.

Câu 13
Đáp án: towboats

Câu hỏi: ______ pulled into position beside merchant ships to guide them into port. (______ kéo vào vị trí bên cạnh tàu buôn để kéo chúng vào cảng.)

Vị trí: Đoạn F.

Trích dẫn: Large merchant ships… be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

Phân tích: Tàu kéo (towboats) hỗ trợ đưa tàu buôn vào cảng.

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IV. Từ vựng hay cần ghi nhớ

Trên đây là đề bài và đáp án chi tiết bài đọc Cambridge IELTS 16 Test 3 Passage 1 Roman shipbuilding and navigation. Hy vọng tài liệu trên sẽ hữu ích cho bạn trong việc ôn luyện IELTS. 

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