Đề bài và đáp án IELTS Cambridge 14 Test 3 passage 1 The concept of intelligence

Bài đọc “The Concept of Intelligence” trong IELTS Cambridge 14 – Test 3 – Reading Passage 1 tập trung khai thác khái niệm trí thông minh (intelligence) dưới nhiều góc độ khác nhau. Đây là một bài đọc điển hình trong đề thi IELTS với chủ đề học thuật, yêu cầu thí sinh nắm rõ ý chính của từng đoạn, phân biệt quan điểm của tác giả, và hiểu sâu các chi tiết ẩn ý trong lập luận. Bài viết dưới đây sẽ cung cấp đề bài, đáp án, và phần giải thích chi tiết từng câu hỏi trong Cambridge IELTS 14 – Test 3 – Passage 1: The Concept of Intelligence, giúp bạn ôn luyện hiệu quả và nắm vững chiến lược làm bài Reading dạng học thuật.

I. Đề bài Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 3 passage 1 The concept of intelligence

Reading The concept of intelligence

The concept of intelligence

A. Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people all have unconscious notions – known as ‘implicit theories’ – of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be.

But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are at least four reasons people’s conceptions of intelligence matter.

B. First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own and others’ abilities, it is useful to learn about people’s implicit theories. For example, parents’ implicit theories of their children’s language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children’s speech. More generally, parents’ implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important because this knowledge is so often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives.

C. Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus it is useful to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories provide a framework that is useful in defining the general scope of a phenomenon – especially a not-well-understood phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended to in previous investigations.

D. Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the possibility also needs to be taken into account that the explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of intelligence suggest the need for expansion of some of our explicit theories of the construct.

E. Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual performances that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling.

F. I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, 1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the history of the United States.

G. The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind of chaos.

H. The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have. My own views are similar to these (Sternberg, 1997).

I. The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies – that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another.

J. Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.

Questions 1-3

Reading Passage 1 has ten sections, A-J.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1. Information about how non-scientists' assumptions about intelligence influence their behavior towards others

2. A reference to lack of clarity over the definition of intelligence

3. The point that a researcher's implicit and explicit theories may be very different

Questions 4-6

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

4. Slow language development in children is likely to prove disappointing to their parents.

5. People's expectations of what children should gain from education are universal.

6. Scholars may discuss theories without fully understanding each other.

Questions 7-13

Look at the following statements (Questions 7-13) and the list of theories below.

Match each statement with the correct theory, A, B, or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B, or C, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

7. It is desirable for the same possibilities to be open to everyone.

8. No section of society should have preferential treatment at the expense of another.

9. People should only gain benefits on the basis of what they actually achieve.

10. Variation in intelligence begins at birth.

11. The more intelligent people should be in positions of power.

12. Everyone can develop the same abilities.

13. People of low intelligence are likely to lead uncontrolled lives.

List of Theories

A. Hamiltonian
B. Jeffersonian
C. Jacksonian

II. Đáp án bài đọc Cambridge 14 – Test 3 – Passage 1: The Concept of Intelligence

Xem thêm: Giải đề chi tiết IELTS Cambridge 14 test 3 section 1 Flanders Conference Hotel

III. Giải thích chi tiết từng đáp án reading cam 14 test 3 passage 1 the concept of intelligence

Questions 1–3

1. Information about how non-scientists' assumptions about intelligence influence their behavior towards others → B
   Đoạn B nói về cách mà “parents”, “job interviewers”, “people” dựa vào các implicit theories (những niềm tin cá nhân) để đánh giá người khác.
   Trích dẫn: “Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of intelligence.”
   Những giả định không mang tính khoa học này ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến hành vi và quyết định của họ.
   
   

2. A reference to lack of clarity over the definition of intelligence → A
   Ngay câu mở đầu của đoạn A:
   “Everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does.”
   Tác giả chỉ ra rằng không có sự thống nhất rõ ràng về định nghĩa trí thông minh.
   
   

3. The point that a researcher's implicit and explicit theories may be very different → D
   “If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories…”
   Tác giả nói rằng có thể tồn tại sự khác biệt đáng kể giữa lý thuyết ngầm và lý thuyết chính thức.

Questions 4–6

4. Slow language development in children is likely to prove disappointing to their parents → NOT GIVEN
   Bài có nhắc đến “parents’ implicit theories of their children’s language development”, nhưng không nói gì về sự thất vọng của cha mẹ.
   
   

5. People’s expectations of what children should gain from education are universal → NO
   Đoạn E: “Expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not.”
   Tác giả khẳng định rằng kỳ vọng không mang tính phổ quát mà phụ thuộc vào văn hóa.
   
   

6. Scholars may discuss theories without fully understanding each other → YES
   Đoạn J: “Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories... they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying.”
   Các học giả có thể không hiểu đầy đủ quan điểm của nhau nếu không làm rõ lý thuyết ngầm mà họ dựa vào.

Questions 7–13

IV. Từ vựng hay trong bài nên ghi nhớ

Trên đây là đề bài và đáp án bài đọc Cambridge IELTS 14 the concept of intelligence mà các bạn có thể tham khảo qua. Hy vọng tài liệu trên sẽ hữu ích dành cho các bạn trong quá trình luyện thi IELTS. 

Học tiếng Anh online dễ dàng hơn với PREP - Nền tảng Học & Luyện thi thông minh cùng AI. Nhờ công nghệ AI độc quyền, bạn có thể tự học trực tuyến ngay tại nhà, chinh phục lộ trình học IELTS, TOEIC, tiếng Anh giao tiếp hiệu quả. Bên cạnh đó, học viên còn có sự hỗ trợ tuyệt vời từ Teacher Bee AI, trợ lý ảo giúp bạn giải đáp thắc mắc và đồng hành 1-1 trong suốt quá trình học tập. Hãy click TẠI ĐÂY hoặc liên hệ HOTLINE 0931428899 để nhận tư vấn chi tiết về các khóa học tiếng Anh chất lượng nhất thị trường! 

Tải ngay app PREP để bắt đầu hành trình học tiếng Anh tại nhà với chương trình học luyện thi online chất lượng cao.