Đề bài và đáp án bài Reading Test 3 passage 3 IELTS Cambridge 15 Why fairy tales are really scary tales

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I. Đề bài Reading Test 3 passage 3 IELTS Cambridge 15 Why fairy tales are really scary tales

Why fairy tales are really scary tales

Some people think that fairy tales are just stories to amuse children, but their universal and enduring appeal may be due to more serious reasons.

People of every culture tell each other fairy tales but the same story often takes a variety of forms in different parts of the world. In the story of Little Red Riding Hood that European children are familiar with, a young girl on the way to see her grandmother meets a wolf and tells him where she is going. The wolf runs on ahead and disposes of the grandmother, then gets into bed dressed in the grandmother's clothes to wait for Little Red Riding Hood. You may think you know the story – but which version? In some versions, the wolf swallows up the grandmother, while in others it locks her in a cupboard. In some stories Red Riding Hood gets the better of the wolf on her own, while in others a hunter or a woodcutter hears her cries and comes to her rescue.

The universal appeal of these tales is frequently attributed to the idea that they contain cautionary messages: in the case of Little Red Riding Hood, to listen to your mother, and avoid talking to strangers. 'It might be what we find interesting about this story is that it's got this survival- relevant information in it,' says anthropologist Jamie Tehrani at Durham University in the UK. But his research suggests otherwise. 'We have this huge gap in our knowledge about the history and prehistory of storytelling, despite the fact that we know this genre is an incredibly ancient one,' he says. That hasn't stopped anthropologists, folklorists* and other academics devising theories to explain the importance of fairy tales in human society. Now Tehrani has found a way to test these ideas, borrowing a technique from evolutionary biologists.

To work out the evolutionary history, development and relationships among groups of organisms, biologists compare the characteristics of living species in a process called 'phylogenetic analysis'. Tehrani has used the same approach to compare related versions of fairy tales to discover how they have evolved and which elements have survived longest.

Tehrani's analysis focused on Little Red Riding Hood in its many forms, which include another Western fairy tale known as The Wolf and the Kids. Checking for variants of these two tales and similar stories from Africa, East Asia and other regions, he ended up with 58 stories recorded from oral traditions. Once his phylogenetic analysis had established that they were indeed related, he used the same methods to explore how they have developed and altered over time.

First he tested some assumptions about which aspects of the story alter least as it evolves, indicating their importance. Folklorists believe that what happens in a story is more central to the story than the characters in it – that visiting a relative, only to be met by a scary animal in disguise, is more fundamental than whether the visitor is a little girl or three siblings, or the animal is a tiger instead of a wolf.

However, Tehrani found no significant difference in the rate of evolution of incidents compared with that of characters. 'Certain episodes are very stable because they are crucial to the story, but there are lots of other details that can evolve quite freely,' he says. Neither did his analysis support the theory that the central section of a story is the most conserved part. He found no significant difference in the flexibility of events there compared with the beginning or the end.

But the really big surprise came when he looked at the cautionary elements of the story. 'Studies on hunter-gatherer folk tales suggest that these narratives include really important information about the environment and the possible dangers that may be faced there – stuff that's relevant to survival,' he says. Yet in his analysis such elements were just as flexible as seemingly trivial details. What, then, is important enough to be reproduced from generation to generation?

The answer, it would appear, is fear — blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects of the story, such as the eating of the grandmother by the wolf, turned out to be the best preserved of all. Why are these details retained by generations of storytellers, when other features are not? Tehrani has an idea: 'In an oral context, a story won't survive because of one great teller. It also needs to be interesting when it's told by someone who's not necessarily a great storyteller.' Maybe being swallowed whole by a wolf, then cut out of its stomach alive is so gripping that it helps the story remain popular, no matter how badly it's told.

Jack Zipes at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, is unconvinced by Tehrani's views on fairy tales. 'Even if they're gruesome, they won't stick unless they matter,' he says. He believes the perennial theme of women as victims in stories like Little Red Riding Hood explains why they continue to feel relevant. But Tehrani points out that although this is often the case in Western versions, it is not always true elsewhere. In Chinese and Japanese versions, often known as The Tiger Grandmother, the villain is a woman, and in both Iran and Nigeria, the victim is a boy.

Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in Denmark isn't surprised by Tehrani's findings. 'Habits and morals change, but the things that scare us, and the fact that we seek out entertainment that's designed to scare us — those are constant,' he says. Clasen believes that scary stories teach us what it feels like to be afraid without having to experience real danger, and so build up resistance to negative emotions.

Questions 27-31

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27   In fairy tales, details of the plot
28   Tehrani rejects the idea that the useful lessons for life in fairy tales
29   Various theories about the social significance of fairy tales
30   Insights into the development of fairy tales
31   All the fairy tales analysed by Tehrani

A   may be provided through methods used in biological research.
B   are the reason for their survival.
C   show considerable global variation.
D   contain animals which transform to become humans.
E   were originally spoken rather than written.
F   have been developed without factual basis.

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

Phylogenetic analysis of Little Red Riding Hood

Tehrani used techniques from evolutionary biology to find out if 32 _____________________ existed among 58 stories from around the world. He also wanted to know which aspects of the stories had fewest 33 _____________________, as he believed these aspects would be the most important ones. Contrary to other beliefs, he found that some 34 _____________________ that were included in a story tended to change over time, and that the middle of a story seemed no more important than the other parts. He was also surprised that parts of a story which seemed to provide some sort of 35 _____________________ were unimportant. The aspect that he found most important in a story's survival was 36 _____________________.

A   ending
B   events
C   warning
D   links
E   records
F   variations
G   horror
H   people
I   plot

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37   What method did Jamie Tehrani use to test his ideas about fairy tales?
  A   He compared oral and written forms of the same stories.
  B   He looked at many different forms of the same basic story.
  C   He looked at unrelated stories from many different countries.
  D   He contrasted the development of fairy tales with that of living creatures.

38   When discussing Tehrani's views, Jack Zipes suggests that
  A   Tehrani ignores key changes in the role of women.
  B   stories which are too horrific are not always taken seriously.
  C   Tehrani overemphasises the importance of violence in stories.
  D   features of stories only survive if they have a deeper significance.

39   Why does Tehrani refer to Chinese and Japanese fairy tales?
  A   to indicate that Jack Zipes' theory is incorrect
  B   to suggest that crime is a global problem
  C   to imply that all fairy tales have a similar meaning
  D   to add more evidence for Jack Zipes' ideas

40   What does Mathias Clasen believe about fairy tales?
  A   They are a safe way of learning to deal with fear.
  B   They are a type of entertainment that some people avoid.
  C   They reflect the changing values of our society.
  D   They reduce our ability to deal with real-world problems.

Xem thêm: Đáp án chi tiết đề Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 3 Listening Part 4: Early history of keeping clean

II. Đáp án bài đọc Why fairy tales are really scary tales

Reading Passage 3, Questions 27-40

27. C

28. B

29. F

30. A

31. E

32. D

33. F

34. B

35. C

36. G

37. B

38. D

39. A

40. A

III. Giải thích đáp án chi tiết

Questions 27-31: Matching Endings

• 27. C: Đoạn 1 nêu rằng "the same story often takes a variety of forms in different parts of the world". Điều này khớp với "show considerable global variation".

• 28. B: Đoạn 3 có câu "Tehrani rejects the idea that they contain cautionary messages". Anh ấy cho rằng các bài học này không phải là lý do cho sự tồn tại của truyện. Do đó, đáp án là B ("are the reason for their survival").

• 29. F: Đoạn 3 nói rằng các học giả đã đưa ra nhiều giả thuyết về tầm quan trọng của truyện cổ tích "without factual basis". Điều này khớp với F.

• 30. A: Đoạn 4 nói "Tehrani has found a way to test these ideas, borrowing a technique from evolutionary biologists... in a process called 'phylogenetic analysis'". Điều này khớp với A ("may be provided through methods used in biological research").

• 31. E: Đoạn 5 có câu "he ended up with 58 stories recorded from oral traditions". Oral traditions nghĩa là các câu chuyện này ban đầu được kể chứ không phải viết ra. Điều này khớp với E.

Questions 32-36: Summary Completion

• 32. D: Đoạn 5, Tehrani dùng "phylogenetic analysis" để khám phá xem các câu chuyện có "related" (liên quan) với nhau không. Từ khóa links (liên kết) là từ đồng nghĩa phù hợp.

• 33. F: Đoạn 6, tác giả nói về việc tìm xem "which aspects of the story alter least as it evolves". Các khía cạnh này có ít "variations" (sự thay đổi) nhất.

• 34. B: Đoạn 7, "Tehrani found no significant difference in the rate of evolution of incidents compared with that of characters." Incidents (sự kiện) đồng nghĩa với events (sự kiện).

• 35. C: Đoạn 8, "he was surprised that parts of a story which seemed to provide some sort of warning were unimportant." Từ khóa warning (cảnh báo) tương đương với cautionary messages (thông điệp cảnh báo).

• 36. G: Đoạn 9, "The answer, it would appear, is fear... blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects... turned out to be the best preserved of all." Từ fear (nỗi sợ hãi) phù hợp với horror (kinh dị).

Questions 37-40: Multiple Choice

• 37. B: Đoạn 4 nêu rõ rằng Tehrani đã sử dụng phân tích phát sinh loài để "compare related versions of fairy tales".

• 38. D: Đoạn 10, Jack Zipes nói: "Even if they're gruesome, they won't stick unless they matter." Điều này có nghĩa là các đặc điểm của câu chuyện chỉ tồn tại nếu chúng có một ý nghĩa sâu sắc hơn ("have a deeper significance").

• 39. A: Đoạn 10, Jack Zipes đưa ra giả thuyết rằng phụ nữ là nạn nhân. Tehrani bác bỏ bằng cách nói rằng trong các phiên bản Trung Quốc và Nhật Bản, nhân vật phản diện là phụ nữ. Do đó, anh ấy đề cập đến những câu chuyện này để "chứng minh rằng lý thuyết của Jack Zipes là không chính xác".

• 40. A: Đoạn cuối, Mathias Clasen nói "scary stories teach us what it feels like to be afraid without having to experience real danger." Điều này phù hợp với phương án A.

IV. Từ vựng hay trong bài

• Enduring appeal: sức hấp dẫn lâu dài

• Cautionary messages: những thông điệp cảnh báo

• Phylogenetic analysis: phân tích phát sinh loài

• Oral traditions: truyền miệng

• Gruesome: ghê rợn, rùng rợn

• Blood-thirsty: khát máu

• Unconvinced by: không bị thuyết phục bởi

• Perennial theme: chủ đề vĩnh cửu

• Anecdotal evidence: bằng chứng giai thoại, không chính thức

• Resistance to negative emotions: khả năng chống lại các cảm xúc tiêu cực

• Smuggle: buôn lậu

• Tsunami: sóng thần

• Wiped out: quét sạch, phá hủy

• Transplanting: cấy, trồng lại

• Subcontracting: ký hợp đồng phụ

• Foliage: tán lá

Trên đây là đề bài và đáp án kèm giải thích đáp án chi tiết của bài Reading Test 3 passage 3 - Cambridge IELTS 15 - Why fairy tales are really scary tales. Hy vọng tài liệu trên sẽ giúp bạn ôn luyện IELTS hiệu quả hơn!

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